Why are women more prone to developing gallstones?

Doctor's Answers 1

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Dr Stephen Chang

General Surgeon

Gallstone formation is found to be 2 to 3 times more common in females as compared to males [1]. This difference is observed starting puberty and throughout childbearing age. This is because females have higher levels of estrogen which promotes gallstones formation.

Gallstones are caused by hardened digestive fluid deposits. In most cases, they are primarily composed of cholesterol. Estrogen level is a risk factor because estrogen increases biliary cholesterol secretion causing cholesterol supersaturation of bile [2].


References:

1. Novacek G. Gender and gallstone disease. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946). 2006;156(19-20):527-533. doi:10.1007/s10354-006-0346-x

2. Wang HH, Liu M, Clegg DJ, Portincasa P, Wang DQ-H. New insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying effects of estrogen on cholesterol gallstone formation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 2009;1791(11):1037-1047. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.06.006

Similar Questions

When is surgery required for gallstones?

The most important deciding factor for surgery is the presence or absence of symptoms related to the gallstone. It is common to pick up incidental gallstones on routine scans intended for other reasons. However, up to 80% of such gallstones are not producing any symptoms and are best left alone. For stones which are causing pain or discomfort, the current recommendation is surgical removal. The reason for the above recommendation is essentially a balance between the potential benefit and harm with the surgical approach versus that of leaving the gallstones alone.

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Is surgery the only option if I have gallstones that are causing pain?

Symptomatic gallstone is an indication for surgery. There have been attempts in the past to blast the stones with shock wave therapy and also melt the stones using special enzymes, but the recurrence rate was very high. Enzyme therapy is also very expensive and in the long term will cost more than surgery. Laparoscopic gallstone surgery is safe in trained hands and can even be done as a day procedure. Talk to your surgeon about it.

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